Wednesday, November 6, 2013

Ukraine ramps up shale revolution, signs $10bn gas deal with Chevron | Russia Today

Ukraine ramps up shale revolution, signs $10bn gas deal with Chevron

Published time: November 06, 2013 11:20
(L-R sit) Chevron's General Manager for Europe Derek Magness , Ministrer of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine Eduard Stavytsky and Viktor Ponomarenko, Chairman of the National Joint Stock Company "Nadra Of Ukraine" sign documents as (L-stay) Geoffrey Pyatt, US Ambassador to Ukraine, and President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych (C) and James Jones (R) Process Control Consultant at Chevron attend during the ceremony in Kiev on November 5, 2013. (AFP Photo)
(L-R sit) Chevron's General Manager for Europe Derek Magness , Ministrer of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine Eduard Stavytsky and Viktor Ponomarenko, Chairman of the National Joint Stock Company "Nadra Of Ukraine" sign documents as (L-stay) Geoffrey Pyatt, US Ambassador to Ukraine, and President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych (C) and James Jones (R) Process Control Consultant at Chevron attend during the ceremony in Kiev on November 5, 2013. (AFP Photo)
Kiev and Chevron have agreed to jointly develop Ukraine’s shale gas in a joint venture estimated at $10 billion, another step towards Ukraine's 2020 goal of energy independence.
The government signed a 50-year production-sharing agreement (PSA) with Chevron to extract shale gas in western Ukraine, Energy Minister Eduard Stavytsky said at a press interview in Kiev on Tuesday. 
"This is one more step towards achieving full energy independence for the state. This will bring cheaper gas prices and the sort of just prices which exist (elsewhere) in the world," Stavytsky said after signing the agreement with Chevron chief Derek Magness.
Ukraine’s is close to signing a EU trade association agreement in Vilnius in late November, a move which could trigger a new series of trade and gas wars with Russia, who in October demanded Kiev 'immediately' pay its $882 million gas debt. 
“The cost of gas production will be at least three times lower than what Ukraine is paying for in imports,”Stavytsky told journalists Tuesday.
Chevron will invest $350 million in the first 2 or 3 years to explore shale gas in the Olesska field, which is located across two regions – Lviv, which borders Poland, and Ivano-Frankivsk, which shares a border with Romania to the south.
The 2,000 square mile Olesska oil field is expected to produce 5 billion cubic meters per year, and at full capacity could hit 8-10 billion cubic meters, Stavytsy said.
Together with the Yuzivska shale field located in the eastern Donetsk region, over five years, Ukraine could reap an extra 11 to 16 billion cubic meters of gas, according to government officials. Royal Dutch Shell signed a PSA on January 1 2013 to develop Yuzivska shale reserves.
To compare, Naftogaz, Ukraine’s financially troubled state gas utility in October said 17 billion cubic meters of gas would be ‘enough’ to heat Ukraine through the winter.
European countries hope to match the US shale gas boom, and the energy independence it has brought. However, Europeans have shown much more political dissent towards fracking, and already, Chevron has pulled out of shale exploration deals in Lithuanian and Romania.  
Ukraine sees shale gas as a win-win: they can both cut costs and move away from Russian gas. 

Gas debts

It’s the end of the year again, which means Ukraine, as it appears to do every year, is scrambling to pay its gas bill to Russia. Ukraine has started to pay off its $882 million debt for Russian gas throughout the year, but not very much, Gazprom spokesperson Sergei Kupriyanov told Interfax on Wednesday, who called it just a ‘drop in the ocean’.
“Ukraine has an extensive non-payment credit history for Russian gas, piling and restructuring debt,”Aleksey Grivach, deputy director of Gas Projects at Russia's National Energy Security Fund, told RT.
“However, after signing the 2009 ‘pre-pay’ contact, Naftogaz has become a more disciplined buyer. Since then, there have been a few minor delays, but they have managed to settle on good terms,” Grivach said.
Since the ‘pre-pay’ contract was established, Ukraine has excessively complained of ‘expensive’ gas prices, which average around $400 per thousand cubic meters for Russian gas.
Ukraine currently imports more than half of its gas from Russia. It is speeding up its effort to diversify its supply, and has looked at different exporters, fracking, new offshore projects in the Black Sea, as well as new LNG terminals and pipes to diversify supply. 
“The other alleged Ukrainian projects to diversify supply - an LNG terminal in Odessa, the White Stream pipeline from Azerbaijan, or the new idea of an LNG pipeline in Croatia- none of these are serious,” Grivach said, unconvinced by the feasibility of these plans
At the press conference Stavytsky said his government is discussing other PSAs with Exxon, ENI, and Electricite de France SA, for exploration of the Black Sea shelf.


Link to article: http://rt.com/business/ukraine-chevron-shale-gas-284/

Cyprus Joins the Middle East | Daniel Pipes


N.B.: 
Washington Times title: "Cyprus rides a troubled sea of oil and gas opportunity."


Link to article: http://www.danielpipes.org/13588/cyprus-oil-gas

Tuesday, November 5, 2013

PIPES: Cyprus rides a troubled sea of oil and gas opportunity | Washington Times

By Daniel Pipes, Tuesday, November 5, 2013

The republic of Cyprus has entered into the maelstrom of the world’s most volatile region, thanks to newfound gas and oil reserves, combined with an erratic Turkish foreign policy and a civil war in Syria. Even as leaders of this Mediterranean island show skill dealing with these novel threats and opportunities, they need support from a strong U.S. Navy, something not now available.

Cypriot underwater gas and oil discoveries follow directly on ones found earlier in Israeli seas, located adjacent to them and uncovered by the same American (Noble) and Israeli (Delek, Avner) companies. The current estimate of 5 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, as well as some oil, has a value estimated at $800 billion, a huge sum for a small country whose current gross domestic product is a mere $24 billion.

The great majority of this energy will likely be exported to Turkey or Europe. A pipeline to Turkey would be cheapest and easiest but so long as Turkish troops continue to occupy 36 percent of Cyprus, this will not happen. A recent court decision permitting the Israeli government to decide what quantities of energy to export now offers other possibilities: Cyprus could swap gas with Israel that then goes to Turkey, or the two allies could jointly build a liquefied natural gas terminal in Cyprus.

Eventually, should Egypt, Gaza, Lebanon and Syria find gas and join the modern world, they too could take part, turning the area between Egypt and Cyprus into a truly major resource. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the contiguous Nile Delta and Levantine basins together contain an estimated 345 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 3.44 billion barrels of oil.

These newfound reserves can help either solve or inflame the Cyprus problem. The Cypriot government wisely delimited its maritime boundaries with Egypt in 2003, Lebanon in 2007 and Israel in 2010. It has contracted new exploration to France’s Total, Italy’s Eni and South Korea’s Kogas. Energy-hungry Turkey looms over this treasure, however. Ankara wants its northern Cyprus puppet-state to receive part of the income from the new reserves, while Turkey’s 1974 invasion of the island raises fears that its erratic and roguish prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, might invade the republic’s territory.

Mr. Erdogan and Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu have pursued an ambitious foreign policy of “zero problems with neighbors” which, ironically, has led instead to zero friends. Strained relations with Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Israel, the Palestinian Authority, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Serbia raise the prospect of Ankara reverting to an older Turkish pattern of lashing out at Cyprus and Greece. In both cases, for instance, it could encourage disruptive refugee flows.

This is where the brutal civil war underway in Syria, just 70 miles away, enters the equation. So far, that conflict has not had a major impact on Cyprus, but the island’s proximity, its minimal defense capabilities, and its membership in the European Union make it exceedingly vulnerable (an illegal immigrant setting foot on Cyprus is close to reaching Germany or France). The 2.2 million refugees from Syria since 2011 have so far bypassed Cyprus in favor of Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Egypt and Iraq, in that order. However, this could quickly change if the Alawites living closest to Cyprus take to the sea in sizable numbers, or if Ankara encourages Syrians to emigrate to northern Cyprus and then sneak across the border into the republic.

Unlike nearby Israel, which is also surrounded, Cyprus lacks either a military option or protective fences: The personnel of the Turkish armed forces, about 700,000 strong, approximate the size of the entire population in the republic of Cyprus — about 850,000. Put another way, Turkey’s population outnumbers that of Cyprus by nearly 100 times. Nicosia can, however, create alliances, especially with Israel, to enhance its security. Israel in turn gains by combined gas operations, strategic depth for its air force and a diplomatic friend. As an aide to Cyprus’ President Nicos Anastasiades told me, “We are Israel’s ambassador in the European Union.”

So far, so good. The U.S. Navy, though, has been hollowed out in the Mediterranean Sea to the point that Seth Cropsey, a former Navy official, describes the 6th Fleet as just a command ship in Italy and a few ballistic-missile destroyers in Spain. This force urgently needs to be revitalized to support America’s Levantine allies as tensions further heighten in their immediate region.

Daniel Pipes (DanielPipes.org), president of the Middle East Forum, recently visited Cyprus.

SOURCE

Turkish Companies' Efforts To Import Israeli Natural Gas Face Diplomatic Roadblock | International Business Times

Turkish Companies' Efforts To Import Israeli Natural Gas Face Diplomatic Roadblock

on November 04 2013  

Turkish energy companies are trying to import Israeli natural gas via pipeline, but a diplomatic chill between the two countries has made such deals difficult.

The eastern Mediterranean is experiencing a natural gas boom with recent discoveries in the Levant Basin, a stretch of sea that extends from the coasts of Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon and Syria, which is estimated to contain 122 trillion cubic feet of gas. As a result, Israel is in the midst of a natural gas bonanza and ready to export the commodity to its neighbors.
Turkey relies on such exports and its demand for natural gas is only growing. The country gets natural gas through pipelines that originate in Azerbaijan, and Istanbul is looking to diversify its energy portfolio, unless it involves Israel.
Relations between the two countries have been strained since May 2010, when Israeli navy commandos stormed a ship that was seeking to break an Israeli naval blockade of Hamas-controlled Gaza and killed nine Turkish activists. That strain has affected efforts of Turkish energy companies to diversity Turkey's energy sources.
However, recent comments by leading Turkish officials suggest that Zorlu and Turcas may have problems doing a deal for Israeli natural gas imports.Most recently, Turkey's Zorlu Energy has reportedly been in talks with Israeli firms, Reuters reported Friday. Also, Istanbul-based Turcas Holding last month offered Israel $2.5 billion to construct a 292-mile pipeline to bring natural gas from Israel to Turkey.
“We have issues with Syria, an issue based on a principle,” Ahmet Davutoglu, the Turkish foreign minister, said. “But let me say it clearly: The Turkish government has never cooperated with Israel against any Muslim country, and it never will.”
Davutoglu's comments came in response to a recent Israeli strike on a Syrian missile base. Many in the West and in Israel view the comments as hypocritical as Turkey itself heavily criticizes Syria and calls for military action against the regime. The comments are the latest in a string of antagonistic tirades made by leading Turkish officials. Back in 2011, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the Israel-denouncing prime minister of Turkey, warned about Israel’s and Cyprus’ plans to work together in developing the energy resource in the region.
"Israel cannot do whatever it wants in the eastern Mediterranean. They will see what our decisions will be on this subject,” Erdoğan said. “Our navy attack ships can be there at any moment."

SOURCE

Monday, November 4, 2013

Total to get involved in Cypriot LNG terminal | Kathimerini

Total to get involved in Cypriot LNG terminal

Total SA, already a strategic partner of the Cyprus government, has expressed an interest in extending its cooperation with Nicosia to the processing of natural gas, with the Cypriot Cabinet on Wednesday approving a draft memorandum of cooperation with the French energy giant, according to sources cited by Kathimerini in Cyprus.
The MoU concerns Total’s participation in planning and developing a liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal to be constructed at Vassiliko, on the island’s southern coast.
Nicosia has already signed a deal with Noble for the same project, with ENI-Kogas set to follow.


Link to article: http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_16/10/2013_523473

Lebanese Gas Stuck In Political Mud | Forbes


10/31/2013

A seismic vessel is pictured off the coast of Lebanon on September 24, 2012. Seismic surveys of Mediterranean waters off Lebanon's southern coast suggest they contain 12 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, Energy and Water Minister Gebran Bassil said. (Image credit: AFP/Getty Images via @daylife)


This week, Lebanon’sEnergy Minister Gebran Bassil announced that his country’s offshore gas potential could end up being even more plentiful than first announced, telling Reuters that “under a probability of 50 percent, for almost 45 percent of our waters has reached 95.9 trillion cubic feet of gas and 865 million barrels of oil.” Bassil’s comments present a rosier assessment than earlier studies. However, they shouldn’t be confused with actual progress when it comes to exploiting Lebanon’s claims to the new-found Eastern Mediterranean offshore bonanza. Instead, the new findings highlight just how much Beirut is missing out on due to a lengthy list of political and fiscal challenges, most notably a political paralysis that has frozen the exploration efforts in place for much of the year.

Gov't delaying Leviathan development | GLOBES

Gov't delaying Leviathan development

The foot-dragging in approving a gas pipeline terminal and allowing gas exports has prevented the gas field's development.

29 October 13 19:12, Amiram Barkat
Almost three years have passed since the Leviathan natural gas discovery, but there has still be no official announcement of a discovery. Leviathan's rights holders - Noble Energy Inc. (NYSE: NBL), Delek Group Ltd. (TASE:DLEKG), and Ratio Oil Exploration (1992) LP (TASE:RATI.L) - have not yet received a lease from the government to allow them to develop the gas field.
To obtain a lease, the rights owners must present a development plan for the field, but they cannot do so because the government has not yet decided where the terminal for the gas delivery will be located.
Regulatory progress in Israel's planning and building commissions is among the slowest in the world, while the developers rush ahead. The main challenge facing the Netanyahu government is the construction of a gas pipeline terminal from Leviathan, 130 kilometers offshore, on a 100-dunam (25-acre) onshore site.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has instructed Prime Minister's Office director general Harel Locker to personally supervise this critical project. Since 2010, the planners have been able to obtain provisional permits to carry out detailed examinations of two sites, one adjacent to the Meretz sewage treatment site at Emek Hefer, and the other adjacent to the Hagit power station at Yokne'am. Local residents at both sites have been waging an effective public campaign against the plan, demanding that the handling of gas be carried out at offshore facilities.
The target date for approving the National Outline Plan - Gas Terminal was August 2013. As of now, no approval seems likely before August 2014. The government needs four years to approve a 100-dunam natural gas terminal. In the same period of time, energy exploration companies discovered the Tamar field, developed it at a cost of $3.5 billion, and have contracts to sell almost all of the gas to the Israeli economy.
$125 million has already been spent on planning for Leviathan's development. Just last week, the green light was given for gas exports, when the High Court of Justice dismissed the petitions against the government's decision to export gas. A major question mark still hangs over exports: whether the government will levy a special tax on the exports component, which is not currently taxed. The issue has been under discussion for three months at the Ministry of Finance and Israel Tax Authority.
Meanwhile, Leviathan's developers are blocked from selling gas to the domestic market. For two years, Antitrust Authority director general David Gilo has been examining whether Leviathan is a cartel, and until a decision is made, it will not be possible to sell Leviathan gas to Israeli customers.
Published by Globes [online], Israel business news - www.globes-online.com - on October 29, 2013
© Copyright of Globes Publisher Itonut (1983) Ltd. 2013


Link to article: http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000889597

US Tries to Mediate Lebanon-Israel Maritime Border Dispute | Al Monitor


Official Israeli circles said that the Lebanese government is in the process of granting licenses to explore for oil and gas in a Mediterranean region that Israel claims as part of its exclusive economic zone (EEZ).

SUMMARY Israel claims that Lebanon is planning to grant gas exploration licenses in a disputed area, while the United States is working to mediate a solution.

Helmi Moussa, October 2, 2013

With that announcement, the Israeli-Lebanese dispute over their maritime border is out in the open, despite news that US mediation had achieved great successes in resolving that issue.

The subject of oil and gas in the eastern Mediterranean was a main meeting topic between Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who visited Washington on Oct. 1, and US Vice President Joe Biden, who is handling that issue. The results of that meeting have not been announced.

Official Israeli sources informed the Globes economic newspaper that Lebanon is trying to impose facts in disputed areas between Lebanon and Israel. Thesources pointed out that “Lebanon is about to award offshore oil and gas exploration licenses in areas that encroach on Israel’s EEZ.” Globes said that it is not yet known how Israel will deal with those licenses, which may spark a border dispute with Lebanon.

Israeli international law experts are urging their government to quickly announce its objections to the Lebanese moves either legally or militarily.

At the beginning of September, Lebanon announced its intention to grant tenders for licenses to explore for oil and gas in five blocks in Lebanese waters. But Israeli experts who analyzed the coordinates on the Lebanese map “discovered” that the southmost area to be licensed, Block 9, is in Israeli waters. The newspaper said that this area is the most attractive and the most likely to yield significant gas discoveries.

The official responsible for oil in the Israeli Ministry of Energy and Water, Alexander Varshavsky, presented his analysis at an international oil conference in Cyprus two weeks ago. He said that Israel has refrained from taking a similar step and has not granted licenses to explore for oil and gas in the disputed area.

The dispute between Israel and Lebanon is over the maritime demarcation line separating two EEZs. Both sides agree that Ras al-Naqoura lies on the common land border. But they disagree on the angle of the line drawn from Ras al-Naqoura toward the Cyprus EEZ. The disputed area is 850 square kilometers [528 square miles], in the shape of a triangle.

In 2010, Lebanon presented a map of its maritime boundaries to the UN. Israel did the same for its borders a year later. The map signed by Lebanon, Israel and Cyprus is the basis of the dispute. The United States is trying to get the parties to resolve the dispute peacefully.

Israeli border expert David Kornbluth said that Israel may lose its claim on the disputed area if it does not respond to the Lebanese move. “Judicial practice says that the state that doesn’t object to such a step is considered to have withdrawn its claim.”

To assert Israel’s claim, he called for naval patrols in the area, issuing a formal communication, requesting that a third country mediate and informing international companies that participate in the bidding licenses that this area is disputed. It is known that dozens of international companies, most of which refuse to deal with Israel, fear for their interests in the Arab region and are making bids to Lebanon.

On the other hand, it was learned that US Vice President Joe Biden delayed his speech to the Jewish American J Street organization by an hour and a half because he was meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The meeting took place at the White House in the presence of US Secretary of State John Kerry, after Netanyahu’s meeting with US President Barack Obama. US media barely mentioned the meeting, but some considered it more important than Netanyahu’s meeting with Obama. The meeting with Biden was about the oil and gas fields in the eastern Mediterranean. Kerry and Biden are focusing US efforts in this regard.

It is obvious that this is not only about Lebanon and Israel. The US strategy for the eastern Mediterranean gas discoveries is related to Turkish, Cypriot and Greek relations, and the relations between them and Israel as well as Lebanon. A US strategy developed by the Marshall Institute and adopted by the US administration is based on exploiting the gas issue to conclude political settlements and resolve the disputes between countries in the region. The strategy calls for a gas pipeline from Israeli and Cypriot fields to Turkey, and that Lebanon can later benefit from the pipeline after it starts extracting gas.

In that context, Biden met with the Cypriot president last week after he met with the Turkish prime minister a month ago. Cypriot newspapers said that these moves were aimed at resolving the conflict between Turkey and Cyprus over their EEZs and gas fields.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE 
اقرا المقال الأصلي باللغة العربية
SOURCE

Australian Woodside Execs Due In Israel ;Turkey’s Zorlu Seeks Leviathan Gas | Jewish Business News

11 Nov 2013


Representatives of Australia’s Woodside Petroleum will be in Israel shortly to move forward on buying 30% of the Leviathan field.

--
Representatives of Australia’s Woodside Petroleum Ltd. (ASX: WPL) will soon arrive in Israel to move forward on the acquisition of 30% of the Leviathan field for $1.25 billion. The representatives may arrive this week. “Globes” recently reported that the negotiations on the deal would be reopened, after the High Court of Justice approved the government decision to export 40% of Israeli natural gas. This means that gas from Leviathan will be exported.
Energy market sources believe that Leviathan’s Israeli partners - Delek Group Ltd. (TASE: DLEKG) and Ratio Oil Exploration (1992) LP (TASE:RATI.L) – will demand a much higher price from Woodside’s original offer for the rights to the gas field, otherwise the deal might fall apart. The main arguments behind the demand are the increase in Leviathan’s potential reserves from 16 trillion cubic feet (TCF) to at least 19 TCF, the much higher chances of finding large quantities of oil, and rising competition from Turkish companies interested in buying the gas.
Noble Energy Inc. (NYSE: NBL) owns 39.66% of Leviathan, Delek Group units Avner Oil and Gas LP (TASE: AVNR.L) and DD) each own 22.67% and Ratio owns 15%.

In a separate development, Turkish conglomerate Zorlu is in talks to buy natural gas from Leviathan.Zorlu Energy CEO Ibrahim Sinan Ak, said for the first time on Friday, that the company was interested in buying 3 billion cubic meters of natural gas a year from the Israeli gas field under a 15-year contract.
Media reports say that the gas purchases would be part of a project to lay a pipeline from the Leviathan field to Turkey, at a cost of $2.5 billion. JPMorgan says that a pipeline from Leviathan to Turkey would have a higher return on equity than construction of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant, and that the payback period would be less than four years.
The choice of projects could have a major effect on the future of the pending deal between Leviathan’s partners and Woodside Petroleum Ltd. (ASX: WPL). The Australian company, which has offered $1.25 billion for 30% of the rights to Leviathan, specializes in building LNG plants, and its customers are in East Asia. For Woodside, there is no special added value in a pipeline to Turkey.
Ak spoke at the European Energy Summit in Istanbul. Delek Drilling LP (TASE:DEDR.L) and Avner Oil and Gas LP (TASE: AVNR.L) chairman Gideon Tadmor, who also attended, said that there was no reason that Israeli gas should not begin flowing to Turkey by 2017. “For this to happen, we must speed up the negotiations on the development plans and obtain support from both governments,” he said.
There have been reports that Zorlu is a partner in several of the consortia which have expressed an interest in laying a pipeline from the Leviathan gas field to the company’s customers in Turkey.
Zorlu, one of Turkey’s largest companies, owns 25% of Dorad Energy Ltd., which will become Israel’s largest independent power station, as well as stakes in two smaller power stations under construction adjacent to Makhteshim Agan Industries’ plants at Ramat Hovav and in Ashdod.
Published by www.globes-online.com
SOURCE

Sunday, November 3, 2013

Το αιγυπτιακό αγκάθι για την ΑΟΖ | mignatiou.com

Το αιγυπτιακό αγκάθι για την ΑΟΖ

AOZ-XARTHS01-03NOVEMBER2013
Του ΝΙΚΟΥ ΜΕΛΕΤΗ
Σε δύσκολο πάζλ που απαιτεί τουλάχιστον την σαφή πολιτική βούληση για συνεννόηση εκ μέρους του Καϊρου ,εξελίσσεται η προσπάθεια που ξεκίνησε και πάλι με πρωτοβουλία της ελληνικής κυβέρνησης, προκειμένου να υπάρξει συμφωνία για οριοθέτηση των θαλασσίων ζωνών μεταξύ των δυο χωρών.
Σημαντικό και κρίσιμο πρόβλημα είναι η «τεχνική» όπως ισχυρίστηκαν οι Αιγύπτιοι, υπερκάλυψη τμήματος της ελληνικής υφαλοκρηπίδας από το «Οικόπεδο 12» που έχει  χαράξει η Αίγυπτος στο βορειοδυτικό τμήμα της ΑΟΖ της, ένα «τεχνικό σφάλμα» που μέχρι στιγμής όμως αρνείται να επανορθώσει, προκαλώντας έτσι ερωτηματικά  για τις πραγματικές προθέσεις της.
Η επιδίωξη συμφωνίας με την Αίγυπτο αποτελεί το κομβικό και καθοριστικό βήμα για την χώρα μας στην προσπάθεια να ενισχύσει πολιτικά και διπλωματικά την διαπραγματευτική θέση της όταν και εφόσον υπάρξει αντίστοιχη διαπραγμάτευση με την Τουρκία. Μια ελληνοαιγυπτιακή συμφωνία οριοθέτησης θαλασσίων ζωνών θα καταστήσει ακόμη πιο καθαρό το τοπίο στην Ανατολική Μεσόγειο  και θα παραδώσει μεγάλες  θαλάσσιες περιοχές στην έρευνα και κατόπιν στην  αξιοποίηση των ενεργειακών πόρων που σύμφωνα με πολλές ενδείξεις υπάρχουν στον βυθό.
Οι συνομιλίες της Ελλάδας με την Αίγυπτο για την οριοθέτηση των θαλασσίων ζωνών είχαν διακοπεί ακόμη επί της προεδρίας Μουμπαρακ  μετα από παρεμβάσεις της Τουρκίας και του ιδίου του προέδρου της χώρας Αμντουλλάχ Γκιουλ προς το Κάιρο. Το μεγάλο αγκάθι σε αυτή την διαδικασία είναι το Καστελόριζο καθώς ο υπολογισμός της επήρειας του ακριτικού νησιού σε συνδυασμό με το «τόξο» που σχηματίζουν οι θαλάσσιες ζώνες της Ρόδου, της Καρπάθου και της Κρήτης  πρακτικά αποδίδουν στην Ελλάδα ένα σημαντικό σε έκταση και αξία τμήμα της ΑΟΖ της Ανατολικής  Μεσογείου. Μια περιοχή η οποία  προσφέρει στην Ελληνική ΑΟΖ γειτνίαση με εκείνη της Κύπρου και της Αιγύπτου περιορίζοντας αντίστοιχα σημαντικά την τουρκική ΑΟΖ στην περιοχή.
Η Αίγυπτος πραγματοποιώντας στην διάρκεια των τελευταίων ετών συνομιλίες και με την Τουρκία για την οριοθέτηση των θαλασσίων ζωνών τους, πρακτικά έδειχνε ότι αποδέχονταν τα τουρκικά επιχειρήματα ότι το Καστελόριζο δεν έχει επήρεια πέραν των χωρικών υδάτων του και συνεπώς περιοριζόταν σημαντικά το αντικείμενο οριοθέτησης με την Ελλάδα.
Τα αρνητικά μηνύματα από την Αίγυπτο συνέχιζαν να έρχονται και όλο το διάστημα της προεδρίας του ισλαμιστή και συμμάχου του Ταγίπ Ερντογαν, του Μοχάμεντ Μορσι αλλά το πραγματικό σοκ επήλθε κατά την επίσκεψη του  Αιγύπτιου υπουργού εξωτερικών Καμελ Αμρ στις 13 Ιουνίου, όταν κατά την συνάντηση του με τον Δημήτρη Αβραμοπουλο  ζήτησε την πραγματοποίηση Τριμερούς συνάντησης Ελλάδας-Αιγύπτου- Τουρκίας για την οριοθέτηση θαλασσίων ζωνών. Με αυτό τον απροκάλυπτο τρόπο το Κάιρο όχι απλώς αποδέχονταν τις αιτιάσεις και διεκδικήσεις της Τουρκίας αλλά εκβιαστικά επεδίωκε να τις επιβάλλει και στην Ελλάδα, σε αντάλλαγμα της οριοθέτησης και των μεταξύ των δυο χωρών, ζωνών.
Δεν είναι τυχαίο ότι στις δηλώσεις των δυο υπουργών, Αβραμόπουλου και Αμρ, δεν έγινε καν νύξη για το θέμα των θαλασσίων ζωνών.
Μετα την ανατροπή του ισλαμιστή προέδρου της Αιγύπτου Μορσι υπήρξαν ενδείξεις αλλαγής διάθεσης από τους Αιγυπτίους, καθώς η μεταβατική κυβέρνηση είχε ανάγκη την εξωθεν καλή μαρτυρία και την αποδοχή της από ευρωπαϊκές κυβερνήσεις και έτσι διευκολύνθηκε η επίσκεψη στο Κάιρο τόσο του κύπριου υπουργού Ιωάννη Κασουλιδη όσο και του Ευάγγελου Βενιζέλου κατά τις οποίες εκδηλώθηκε από τους  αιγυπτίους η πρόθεση για συνομιλίες σχετικά με τις θαλάσσιες ζώνες.
Αν και τις επόμενες ημερες αναμένεται να υπάρξει συνάντηση στο πλαίσιο των πολιτικών διαβουλεύσεων με την Αίγυπτο, ιδιαίτερα σημαντικό για την Αθήνα και απόδειξη της ειλικρίνειας των προθέσεων της αιγυπτιακής κυβέρνησης είναι η σύγκληση και των τεχνικών επιτροπών εμπειρογνωμόνων ώστε να αρθεί το «τεχνικό λάθος» εις βάρος της ελληνικής  υφαλοκρηπίδας.
Τι συνέβη με τα αιγυπτιακά Οικόπεδα
Το 2012 η EGAS, η αιγυπτιακή κρατική εταιρία φυσικού αερίου  προχώρησε σε ένα γύρο δανειοδοτήσεων 15 οικοπέδων στην αιγυπτιακή ΑΟΖ στην Μεσόγειο και στο Δέλτα του Νείλου. Το Οικόπεδο 12 στο βόρειο τμήμα της περιοχής που προσφέρθηκε στον διαγωνισμό  είναι έκτασης 7150 τ.χλμ και διαπιστώθηκε ότι υπερκαλύπτει ένα τμήμα της ελληνικής υφαλοκρηπίδας σε σχέση με τον υπολογισμό της μέσης γραμμής.
Στα ελληνικά διαβήματα, η αιγυπτιακή πλευρά  απάντησε ότι επρόκειτο για κάποιο τεχνικό σφάλμα και δέχθηκε να υπάρξει συνάντηση τεχνικών εμπειρογνωμόνων ώστε να λυθεί το ζήτημα. Από τότε όμως δεν υπήρξε καμία απολύτως ανταπόκριση από την αιγυπτιακή πλευρά παρά τις οχλήσεις της ελληνικής πρεσβείας.
Πάντως μέχρι στιγμής δεν υπάρχουν πληροφορίες για την κατακύρωση του συγκεκριμένου Οικόπεδου σε πετρελαϊκή εταιρία, ενώ ήδη τα Οικόπεδα 9 και 6 έχουν κατακυρωθεί στην ENI και Dana Gas.
Δεν είναι τυχαίο πάντως ότι για την περιοχή που έχει γίνει η επικάλυψη της ελληνικής υφαλοκρηπίδας είναι από τις λίγες περιοχές για τις οποίες έχουν γίνει δισδιάστατες σεισμικές έρευνες από την TGS  από τον Σεπτέμβριο του 2001 μέχρι τον Απρίλιο του 2002 με το σκάφος TGS NOPEC.
Η ανησυχία της Αθήνας δεν είναι τόσο για την μικρή επικάλυψη της ελληνικής υφαλοκρηπίδας από το αιγυπτιακό Οικόπεδο 12 όσο γιατί η χάραξη του βόρειου ορίου του Οικόπεδου (και η νοητή προέκταση του προς Ανατολάς) ταυτίζεται με την διεκδίκηση της Τουρκίας για χάραξη οριοθέτησης με βάση την μέση γραμμή μεταξύ Αιγύπτου και Τουρκίας και  διαγραφή των θαλασσίων ζωνών του Καστελόριζου αλλά και εκείνων της Κρήτης και της Καρπάθου. Έτσι η προφανής απροθυμία της Αιγύπτου να διορθώσει το «τεχνικό σφάλμα» θα μπορούσε να θεωρηθεί ως αποδοχή εκ μέρους της Αιγύπτου των αιτιάσεων και της επιχειρηματολογίας της Τουρκίας για μη επήρεια του Καστελόριζου και περιορισμένη επήρεια των άλλων ελληνικών νησιών .
Με την Αίγυπτο οι διαπραγματεύσεις για τις θαλάσσιες ζώνες δεν ήταν ποτέ εύκολη υπόθεση καθώς είχαν επιβαρυνθεί από τις τουρκικές παρεμβάσεις.
Από την αρχή των διαπραγματεύσεων (ο πέμπτος και τελευταίος γύρος έγινε στο Κάιρο τον Ιούνιο του 2009) οι δυο χώρες είχαν συμφωνήσει στην αποδοχή ότι η κοινή νομική βάση είναι το Δίκαιο της Θάλασσας και συνεπώς είναι σεβαστές οι αρχές της μέσης γραμμής για την οριοθέτηση θαλασσίων ζωνών, και η αναγνώριση του δικαιώματος των νησιών σε θαλάσσιες ζώνες.
Η ελληνική πλευρά είχε παρουσιάσει ως εγγυτέρα σημεία από τα οποία θα προσμετρείται η ιση απόσταση το Κουφονησι (Λασιθίου), την Καρπαθο, την βραχονησίδα Χήνα νοτιοανατολικά της Ρόδου και την Στρογγύλη. Η Αιγυπτιακή πλευρά ενώ είχε αποδεχτεί την μέση γραμμή εξέφρασε επιφυλάξεις και υιοθετώντας την τουρκική θέση, έθεσε το ερώτημα στις διαπραγματεύσεις, εάν ένα μικρό νησί όπως το Καστελόριζο μπορεί να έχει πλήρη επήρεια, και εάν η μέση γραμμή στην συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση οδηγεί σε δίκαιη λύση όπως επιτάσσει το Δίκαιο της Θάλασσας.
Στην διάρκεια των διαπραγματεύσεων και ήδη από τον Φεβρουάριο του 2007, η Ελληνική πλευρά είχε επιδώσει στην Αίγυπτο χάρτη στον οποίο αποτυπώνονταν η προς οριοθέτηση περιοχή, σύμφωνα με την ελληνική θέση, και η περιοχή αυτή άρχιζε από δυτικά στο τριεθνές όριο με την Λιβύη και κατέληγε ανατολικά στο τριεθνές όριο με την Κύπρο, ώστε να περιλαμβάνει και όλη την ζώνη επήρειας του Καστελόριζου.
Η Αίγυπτος δυο χρόνια μετα τον τελευταίο γύρο διαπραγματεύσεων  παρουσίασε τροποποιημένο τον χάρτη αυτό  ώστε να εξαιρείται η περιοχή για την «οποία προέβαλλε αξιώσεις η Τουρκία» και αφορούσε φυσικά ολόκληρη την θαλάσσια ζώνη του Καστελόριζου.
Η πρόταση αυτή απορρίφθηκε κατηγορηματικά από την Ελληνική πλευρά..
Έκτατε η Αθήνα αρκετές φορές δια της διπλωματικής οδού εξέφρασε την έντονη διαμαρτυρία της για τις συνομιλίες που είχε επανειλημμένα η αιγυπτιακή πλευρά με την Τουρκία για την οριοθέτηση θαλασσίων ζωνών, καθώς κάτι τέτοιο δεν έχει νομική βάση συμφώνα με το Δίκαιο της Θάλασσας, δεν λαμβάνει υπόψη του τις θαλάσσιες ζώνες του Καστελόριζου και αποκλείει την οριοθέτηση θαλασσίων ζωνών μεταξύ Ελλάδας και  Κύπρου.
Σε αυτό το ιδιαίτερα επιβαρυμένο περιβάλλον αναμένεται να ξεκινήσει η ουσιαστική διαβούλευση μεταξύ Ελλάδας και Αιγύπτου για το θέμα των θαλασσίων ζωνών και να αποδειχθεί εμπράκτως η καλή θέληση και οι ειλικρινείς προθέσεις της μεταβατικής αιγυπτιακής κυβέρνησης να απαλλαγεί από την τουρκική επιρροή στην διαμόρφωση των θέσεων της.
Δημοσιεύθηκε στο περιοδικό www.epikaira.gr
ΛΕΖΑΝΤΑ ΧΑΡΤΗ: Το βορειότερο Οικόπεδο είναι το Οικόπεδο 12 που επικαλύπτει ελληνική υφαλοκρηπίδα και η προεκταση του βορειου οριου του συμπιπτει με τις τουρκικες διεκδικησεις


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Link to article: http://mignatiou.com/2013/11/%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C-%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B9-%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD-%CE%B1%CE%BF%CE%B6/